What Are SSH Machine Identities and How Are They Used
July 21, 2021|Scott Carter
IT and security teams use Secure Shell (SSH) to safeguard administrative access and automated processes for machines in their organizations. However, recent trends in digital transformation have spurred tremendous growth in the number of machines that organizations rely on.
These new developments push IT system administrators to aspire to new levels of productivity via automation. Many administrators achieve this productivity by creating and deploying SSH keys, which establish fast, secure, automated connections to critical assets.
Are Your SSH Machine Identities Secured? Find Out Now!
Defining SSH machine identities
SSH is a cryptographic network protocol that gives users—particularly system administrators—a secure way to access machines over an unsecured network. SSH provides strong authentication and encrypts data communications between two machines connecting over an open network such as the internet. System administrators use SSH to perform remote administration for nearly all systems, to automate operations, and to transfer files between systems.
The SSH protocol comes in these versions:
SSHv1: The first version uses private Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) keys to decrypt challenges encrypted with the corresponding public key. But SSH protocol version 1 is limited in its support of message authorization codes, compression algorithms, and the algorithms necessary for key exchanges. Since 1998, risks with SSHv1 have been known. And even after all this time, you’d think SSHv1 wouldn’t persist in enterprises, but it does. This may be a result of administrators not upgrading to the latest version of OpenSSH, not disabling SSHv1, or possibly believing that legacy applications “need” it to function.
SSHv2: Version 2 of the protocol requires that the client sign a message and transmit the signature (not the message) with the public key used. The server then recreates the message and verifies the server. SSHv2 is also not a mono- lithic protocol — it’s made up of a series of protocols that includes improved public key certification, encryption standards, and even support for public key certificates.
OpenSSH: This open-source implementation of the SSH protocol is freely available and is delivered as a source code.
In all versions, SSH keys serve a crucial function in protecting the information that your organization values most. Therefore, it’s in your best interest to effectively manage SSH keys.
Recognizing how SSH machine identities work
SSH encrypts data exchanged between two parties by using a client-server model. The server listens to a designated port for connections, while the client is responsible for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handshake with the server. That initial connection sets the stage for the server and client negotiating the encryption of the session based on what protocols they support.
During the connection process, SSH leverages two types of SSH keys as machine identities:
Host keys: SSH uses host keys to guarantee the authenticity of the server and create the encrypted tunnel.
Authorized keys: SSH users can place authorized keys on the server to grant them access without using passwords, which simplifies day-to-day work. This method is commonly referred to as public key authentication.
Both host and authorized keys work in public-private pairs and must be administered together with a slew of security options (config files) such as the encryption algorithm, access levels, port forwarding, key length, and passphrase.
When a system administrator executes an SSH command, the SSH client and server engage in six steps:
Send a connection request.
Authenticate back to the client by using the unique server host SSH key.
Set up an encrypted channel.
Authorize session access by using passwords or public key authentication.
Submit a session info request by executing shell commands.
Return session info when the SSH server sends the command return data back to the client.
How SSH machine identities are used
Built into most operating and network systems, SSH has become the de facto interface standard for remote system access. SSH popularity is due largely to its security features, versatile usage, and baked-in automation. After SSH keys are put in place to enable client authentication, they can enable ongoing, automatic connections from one system to another, without needing to enter a password. Today, this broadly adopted cryptographic protocol is used by a majority of system administrators as well as many automated processes.
How can system administrators use SSH in your organization?
Securing privileged access SSH is often used to safeguard administrative access for organizations—securing system-administrator-to-machine access for routine tasks. SSH keys ensure that only trusted users and machines have access to sensitive network systems and data. Administrators rely on SSH as an encrypted protocol to authenticate privileged users, establish trusted access, and connect administrators and machines.
You may be surprised how many systems in your organization rely on SSH keys for privileged administrative access and secure machine-to-machine automation. The short list includes application servers, routers, firewalls, virtual machines, cloud instances, and other devices and systems that leverage SSH. Like most large organizations, you’re probably using SSH with thou- sands of systems.
Automating routine processes The SSH protocol is multifaceted and encompasses many functions, which have been adopted by a wide variety of automation tools. SSH is also used to secure the machine-to-machine automation of critical business functions, such as automatically triggering operations and routine file transfers. SSH keys ensure that only trusted users and machines have access to sensitive network systems and data.
Controlling cloud access Cloud servers often have SSH enabled for remote administration and maintenance of servers. SSH is widely used in cloud environments because of the encrypted communication channel it provides the client and server. An SSH keypair may be generated by the cloud provider, delivering the private key to the user and retaining a copy of the public key. The public SSH key is used to generate an administrator password or used directly for logging into a virtual machine. Private SSH keys can be exposed when they’re accidentally, insecurely, or publicly stored in the cloud.
Securing DevOps Development operations (DevOps) teams focus on speeding up the delivery of products and services. To do this, developers need access to cloud-based, self-contained runtime environments, known as containers, to run individual modules called microservices. This access is often secured by SSH machine identities.
In the fast-paced world of DevOps, traditional SSH controls may not be able to cope with new environments and can slow the delivery of IT services. The resulting frustration can cause developers to avoid encryption altogether, take shortcuts with SSH keys, or otherwise skimp on the security of machine identities. When this happens, it exposes your organization to unnecessary security vulnerabilities.
Start managing your SSH keys with Venafi today
Venafi protects machine identities for the largest companies on earth, securing cryptographic keys and digital certificates that authorize all machine-to-machine connections and communications.
Now that you understand how exactly SSH machine identities work, it’s time to gain full visibility on all SSH keys across your network. Venafi SSH Protect will allow you to achieve this and much more.
CIO Study: Certificate-Related Outages Continue to Plague Organizations
About the author
Scott Carter
Scott is Senior Manager for Content Marketing at Venafi. With over 20 years in cybersecurity marketing, his expertise leads him to help large organizations understand the risk to machine identities and why they should protect them
PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE CONTINUING WITH REGISTRATION AND/OR ACTIVATION OF THE VENAFI CLOUD SERVICE (“SERVICE”).
This is a legal agreement between the end user (“You”) and Venafi, Inc. ("Venafi" or “our”). BY ACCEPTING THIS AGREEMENT, EITHER BY CLICKING A BOX INDICATING YOUR ACCEPTANCE AND/OR ACTIVATING AND USING THE VENAFI CLOUD SERVICE FOR WHICH YOU HAVE REGISTERED, YOU AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU ARE ENTERING INTO THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF A COMPANY OR OTHER LEGAL ENTITY, YOU REPRESENT THAT YOU HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO BIND SUCH ENTITY AND ITS AFFILIATES TO THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, IN WHICH CASE THE TERMS "YOU" OR "YOUR" SHALL REFER TO SUCH ENTITY AND ITS AFFILIATES. IF YOU DO NOT HAVE SUCH AUTHORITY, OR IF YOU DO NOT AGREE WITH THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, YOU MUST NOT ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT AND MAY NOT USE THE SERVICE.
You shall not access the Service if You are Our competitor or if you are acting as a representative or agent of a competitor, except with Our prior written consent. In addition, You shall not access the Service for purposes of monitoring its availability, performance or functionality, or for any other benchmarking or competitive purposes, and you shall not perform security vulnerability assessments or penetration tests without the express written consent of Venafi.
This Agreement was last updated on April 12, 2017. It is effective between You and Venafi as of the date of Your accepting this Agreement.
The Venafi Cloud Service includes two separate services that are operated by Venafi as software as a service, each of which is separately licensed pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and each of which is considered a Service under this Agreement: the Venafi Cloud Risk Assessment Service or the Venafi Cloud for DevOps Service. Your right to use either Service is dependent on the Service for which You have registered with Venafi to use.
Definitions
“Your Data” means electronic data and information submitted by or for You to the Service or collected and processed by or for You using the Service.
License Grants and Restrictions
License Grant by Venafi to You. Venafi grants to You a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, limited license (the “License”) to access and use the Service during the applicable License Term set out in Section 2.2 below, in accordance with the instructions contained in the user documentation that accompanies the Service (“Documentation). Venafi hereby grants to You the right to use the Documentation solely in connection with the exercise of Your rights under this Agreement. Other than as explicitly set forth in this Agreement, no right to use, copy, display, or print the Documentation, in whole or in part, is granted. This license grant is limited to internal use by You. This License is conditioned upon Your compliance with all of Your obligations under this Agreement. Except for the express licenses granted in this Section, no other rights or licenses are granted by Venafi, expressly, by implication, by way of estoppel or otherwise. The Service and Documentation are licensed to Licensee and are not sold. Rights not granted in this Agreement are reserved by Venafi.
License Term.
Venafi Cloud Risk Assessment Service. If you have registered to access and use the Venafi Cloud Risk Assessment Service, Your right to use the Venafi Cloud Risk Assessment Service is limited to ninety (90) days from the date You first register for the Service, unless otherwise extended on Your agreement with Venafi.
Venafi Cloud for DevOps Service. If you have registered to access and use the Venafi Cloud for DevOps Service, Your right to use the Venafi Cloud for DevOps Service shall extend indefinitely and may be terminated by either You or Venafi at any time for any reason.
Restrictions on Use. The grant of rights stated in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, above, is subject to the following restrictions and limitations:
If You have registered to access and use the Venafi Cloud for DevOps Service, You must use SSL/TLS certificates issued to you at no charge through the Service for development and testing purposes only, and You are strictly prohibited from using such SSL/TLS certificates in a production environment or in any production capacity. If you are registered with a public Certification Authority (“CA”) supported by the Service and have valid credentials issued by such CA with which you can subscribe to such CA’s SSL/TLS certificates on a fee bearing basis for use in production environments, You may request such certificates through the applicable interface present in the Service by using such credentials. In such instance, the fee bearing certificate(s) will be issued to You by the CA and any access to or use of such certificates by You will be subject to the terms and conditions set out by the CA. No fees will be paid to or processed by Venafi in this case. The use of DigiCert issued certificates shall be subject to the Certificate Services Agreement published by DigiCert at https://www.digicert.com/docs/agreements/Certificate-Services-Agreement.pdf, which terms are hereby incorporated by reference.
You shall not use (or cause to be used) the Service for the benefit of any third party, including without limitation by rental, in the operation of an Applications Service Provider (ASP) service offering or as a service bureau, or any similar means.
You shall not distribute access to the Service, in whole or in any part, to any third party or parties. You shall not permit sublicensing, leasing, or other transfer of the Service.
You shall not (a) interfere with or disrupt the integrity or performance of the Service or third-party data contained therein, (b) attempt to gain unauthorized access to the Service or its related systems or networks, (c) permit direct or indirect access to or use of the Service in a way that circumvents a contractual usage limit, or (d) access the Service in order to build a competitive product or service.
License Grant by You. You grant to Venafi and its affiliates, as applicable, a worldwide, limited-term license to host, copy, transmit and display Your Data as necessary for Venafi to provide the Service in accordance with this Agreement. Subject to the limited licenses granted herein, Venafi acquires no right, title or interest from You or any of Your suppliers or licensors under this Agreement in or to Your Data.
Ownership
Venafi Materials. Venafi and/or its suppliers have and shall retain ownership of all right, title and interest in and to the Service and the Documentation and all intellectual property rights embodied in the Service and Documentation, including without limitation any patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets in the Service and any modifications and/or derivatives thereof, whether or not made at Licensee’s request, and all know-how, concepts, methods, programming tools, inventions, and computer source code developed by Venafi (collectively, “Venafi Materials”).
Limited Feedback License. You hereby grant to Venafi, at no charge, a non-exclusive, royalty-free, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable license under Your intellectual property rights in and to suggestions, comments and other forms of feedback (“Feedback”) regarding the Service provided by or on behalf of You to Venafi, including Feedback regarding features, usability and use, and bug reports, to reproduce, perform, display, create derivative works of the Feedback and distribute such Feedback and/or derivative works in the Service. Feedback is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind and shall not include any of Your confidential information.
Disclaimer of Warranties
EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS SECTION 4, THE SERVICE AND DOCUMENTATION ARE PROVIDED “AS-IS,” WITH “ALL FAULTS” AND “AS AVAILABLE,” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, OR NONINFRINGEMENT WHETHER ARISING FROM COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, TRADE PRACTICE OR ANY OTHER MANNER. VENAFI IS NOT OBLIGATED TO PROVIDE ANY UPDATES, UPGRADES OR TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR THE SERVICE. VENAFI DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS FOR ANY HARM OR DAMAGES CAUSED BY ANY THIRD-PARTY HOSTING PROVIDERS. In no event does Venafi warrant that the Service is error free or that You will be able to operate the Service without problems or interruptions. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties and to the extent that is the case the above exclusion may not apply.
Limitation of Liability
IN NO EVENT WILL VENAFI OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT, OR DATA, OR FOR DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES HOWEVER CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SERVICE EVEN IF VENAFI OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Some jurisdictions do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages and to the extent that is the case the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to You.
Term and Termination
This License is effective until terminated as set forth herein or the License Term expires and is not otherwise renewed by the parties. Venafi may terminate this Agreement and/or the License at any time with or without written notice to You if You fail to comply with any term or condition of this Agreement or if Venafi ceases to make the Service available to end users. You may terminate this Agreement at any time on written notice to Venafi. Upon any termination or expiration of this Agreement or the License, You agree to cease all use of the Service if the License is not otherwise renewed or reinstated. Upon termination, Venafi may also enforce any rights provided by law. The provisions of this Agreement that protect the proprietary rights of Venafi will continue in force after termination.
Compliance With Laws
Violation of Laws. You shall not knowingly take any action or omit to take any action where the reasonably predictable result would be to cause Venafi to violate any applicable law, rule, regulation or policy and, to the extent not inconsistent therewith, any other applicable law, rule, regulation and policy.
Governing Law
This Agreement shall be governed by, and any arbitration hereunder shall apply, the laws of the State of Utah, excluding (a) its conflicts of laws principles; (b) the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; (c) the 1974 Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods; and (d) the Protocol amending the 1974 Convention, done at Vienna April 11, 1980.
General
This Agreement is binding on You as well as Your employees, employers, contractors and agents, and on any permitted successors and assignees. Except if otherwise superseded in writing by a separately executed agreement, this Agreement is the entire agreement between You and Venafi with regard to the License granted hereunder, and You agree that Venafi will not have any liability for any statement or representation made by it, its agents or anyone else (whether innocently or negligently) upon which You relied in entering into this Agreement, unless such statement or representation was made fraudulently. This Agreement supersedes any other understandings or agreements, including, but not limited to, advertising, with respect to the Service. If any provision of this Agreement is deemed invalid or unenforceable by any country or government agency having jurisdiction, that particular provision will be deemed modified to the extent necessary to make the provision valid and enforceable and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect. Should such modification be impractical or denied, You and Venafi shall thereafter each have the right to terminate this Agreement on immediate notice.
Survival. The parties agree that the rights and obligations set forth in the above-referenced Section 1 (Definitions), 3 (Ownership), 4 (Disclaimer of Warranties), 5 (Limitation of Liability), 6 (Term and Termination), 7 (Compliance with Laws), 8 (Governing Law), and 9 (General) shall survive the termination of this Agreement for any reason and enforcement thereof shall not be subject to any conditions precedent.
Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties’ respective successors and permitted assigns. You shall not assign this Agreement or any of Your rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of Venafi and any such attempted assignment shall be void.
This site uses cookies to offer you a better experience. If you do not want us to use cookies, please update your browser settings accordingly. Find out more on how we use cookies.